What Is Placenta Previa? Causes, Symptoms, and How to Manage It
Placenta previa is a pregnancy complication that occurs when the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, the opening to the uterus. This condition can lead to bleeding during pregnancy and delivery, requiring close medical supervision. While it can be alarming, many women with placenta previa go on to have healthy babies with the right care.
1. What Is the Placenta and Why Its Position Matters
The placenta is a vital organ that develops during pregnancy to supply oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. Normally, the placenta attaches to the upper part of the uterus. In placenta previa, it attaches lower than usual, covering the cervix either partially or fully.
2. Types of Placenta Previa
- Complete previa: The placenta completely covers the cervical opening.
- Partial previa: The placenta partially covers the cervix.
- Marginal previa: The edge of the placenta reaches the cervix but does not cover it.
- Low-lying placenta: The placenta is located low in the uterus but not touching the cervix.
3. Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of placenta previa is not always known, but several risk factors include:
- Previous C-section or uterine surgery
- Multiple pregnancies (twins or more)
- Smoking during pregnancy
- Advanced maternal age (35 and older)
- History of placenta previa
4. Symptoms to Watch For
The most common symptom of placenta previa is painless vaginal bleeding in the second or third trimester. Other symptoms may include:
- Light to heavy bleeding without contractions
- Bleeding after sexual intercourse
- Signs of preterm labor in later stages
If you experience any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, seek immediate medical attention.
5. Diagnosis
Placenta previa is typically diagnosed through routine ultrasound scans. If found early in pregnancy, the placenta may shift upward naturally as the uterus grows, resolving the issue without intervention. Follow-up ultrasounds help monitor its position.
6. Management and Treatment
There is no medication to "cure" placenta previa, but careful monitoring and delivery planning are crucial. Management depends on the degree of previa, gestational age, and severity of bleeding:
- For mild or no bleeding: Bed rest, avoiding intercourse, and regular checkups
- For moderate to severe bleeding: Hospitalization, blood transfusions if needed, and preparation for early delivery
- Delivery method: Most women with placenta previa require a planned cesarean section (C-section), usually around 36–37 weeks
7. Can You Have a Healthy Baby?
Yes. With early diagnosis and proper prenatal care, most women with placenta previa deliver healthy babies. It's important to follow your doctor’s instructions and report any bleeding or discomfort immediately.
Conclusion
Placenta previa can be a serious condition, but it is manageable with timely medical care. Regular prenatal checkups, monitoring, and communication with your healthcare team are key to ensuring the best outcome for both mother and baby.