Understanding Ovarian Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

Ovarian cancer is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it tends to show vague or no symptoms in its early stages. By the time symptoms appear, the disease may already have progressed. Early detection is crucial for improving survival rates. In this article, we explore what ovarian cancer is, its risk factors, early signs, and diagnostic methods.

1. What is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovaries begin to grow uncontrollably. These cancerous cells can eventually invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

2. Risk Factors

• Family history of ovarian or breast cancer (especially BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations)
• Older age (most common in women over 50)
• Never having been pregnant
• Early menstruation or late menopause
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

3. Common Symptoms

Early symptoms are often subtle and mistaken for other conditions, such as digestive issues. Watch for persistent symptoms such as:

• Abdominal bloating or swelling
• Pelvic or lower abdominal pain
• Feeling full quickly while eating
• Frequent urination
• Fatigue and unexplained weight loss

4. Diagnosis Methods

• Pelvic exam: Initial screening by a gynecologist
• Ultrasound (Transvaginal): Imaging of ovaries for abnormalities
• CA-125 blood test: Measures a protein often elevated in ovarian cancer
• CT scans or MRIs: For staging and detecting spread
• Biopsy or surgery: Needed to confirm diagnosis

5. Why Early Detection Matters

If diagnosed early (Stage I), the 5-year survival rate can be over 90%. Unfortunately, many cases are diagnosed at Stage III or IV, when the cancer has already spread, and survival rates drop significantly. Regular gynecological check-ups and awareness of family history are key to early detection.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer is a serious but treatable condition when caught early. If you experience ongoing symptoms or have a family history of reproductive cancers, consult a gynecologist and consider screening options. Being proactive can save lives.